Educational psychology Essay Example for Free

Educational psychology Essay Fluency is† a measure of the reader’s competence at decoding and recognizing sight words with automaticity at a specified reading level† (Pennington, 2013). It is believed that the higher the level of fluency, the higher the level of comprehension. Fluency involves three major areas: intonation, pacing, and phrasing. Intonation is the pattern of pitch change when reading a passage. It allows the audience to tell when there’s excitement or even a question. Pacing is the speed in which the student reads a given passage, and phrasing allows the student to use â€Å"meaning and structure sources of information† to help them solve problems as they are reading (Reading Recovery, n. d.). For the purpose of this task, I will describe a three-day literacy unit including the strategies, activities, and the reason for both. The first day of the unit to improve fluency will involve choral reading. Choral reading is when the students all read together in unison. Not only does it improve fluency, but also self confidence in students who might otherwise not like to read in front of the whole class. It is also good for building vocabulary. For the choral reading part of the unit, I will use the book, Chicka-Chicka-Boom-Boom. This book has text with a rhyming pattern which is an excellent way to improve fluency. For the next day’s unit, I will use partner reading to try and improve fluency. The students will be paired in groups of two, one with a higher reading level to help the lower level reader. Each will read every other page from the book Alexander and the Terrible, No Good, Very Bad Day. This book has a rhyming pattern which helps improve fluency. Partner reading encourages cooperation and supports the peer-assisted learning. The two students will re-read missed words to each other to support their partner’s reading. The third day of the literacy unit will be a reading theater. â€Å"Reader’s Theater is a dramatic presentation of a written work in a script form† (Teaching Heart, 2008). Students are given a part from a script and practice reading their part with expressive voices and gestures. Reader’s Theater addresses all three aspects of oral reading fluency: intonation, pacing, andphrasi ng. Studies show that it â€Å"enhanced oral reading word recognition, comprehension, and also boosted confidence and motivation toward reading† (Millin Rinhart, 1999). The students will read the book, The  Very Hungry Caterpillar by Eric Carle. They will divided up into groups of five children, all with different reading abilities, and each reader will be assigned a number from one to five. They will each be given a script with the different parts highlighted with numbers one to five and read their particular assigned part. Each of the three chosen strategies support the three parts of oral reading fluency: intonation, pacing, and phrasing. Repeating these strategies will help readers of all levels to improve their oral reading fluency and in the process, build their self-esteem and develop a more positive attitude towards reading. References Millin, S. K., Rinehart, S. D. (1999). Some of the benefits of readers theater participation for second-grade title i students. reading research and instruction. Informally published manuscript, University of West Virginia, Morgantown, West Virginia, , Available from Title I.  Pennington, M. (2009, June 15). [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://penningtonpublishing.com/blog/reading/how-and-why-to-teach-fluency/Teachers Heart. (2008, July). Readers theater. Retrieved from http://www.teachingheart.net/readerstheater.htm

Role of an Effective Manager

Role of an Effective Manager Introduction In this assessment I discuss the critical analysis role of an effective manager, Kotter model, un model, interviews, interview relation with un model, our self-compare with un model, comparison of interviews and conclusion. Critical analysis role of an effective manager Managers play a number of roles in evolving organizations, including leader, negotiator, figurehead, liaison, and communicator. An administrator should be a decent pioneer. While an administrator sorts out and arranges, s/he should likewise move representatives with a dream for the association. An administrator should be a compelling mediator. At the point when associations are creating or experiencing change, the supervisor is regularly required to consult with contenders, temporary workers, providers, and representatives. A director must be a decent unknown who strengthens the mission and vision of an association to representatives, clients, and different partners. A supervisor should be a viable communicator and contact between workers, clients, and different directors of the association. Managers have an indispensable influence in an associations development and advancement. Authoritative development is a mind boggling process, especially in bigger associations with more dormancy. Associations are basically an assemblage of moving parts: persuading every person, with her/his one of a kind gifts and inspiration, to alter course at the same time (and in a similar heading) is to a great degree testing, and requires exceptionally successful supervisors with profoundly created relational abilities. Supervisors must accomplish more than acknowledge transform: they should encourage the transformative procedure. In these circumstances, associations require an administrator who can satisfy a few parts, including pioneer, arbitrator, nonentity, and communicator. In each of these parts, administrator will probably help workers through the change with the slightest conceivable number of contentions and issues. Kotters Change model There is much speculation about how do change. Many start with the teacher authority and administration change, John Kotter. An educator at Harvard Business School and widely acclaimed master of modification, change Kotter presents his eight stages in preparing his 1995 book, Driving change. We take a look at its eight stages to drive change below. Step 1: Create Urgency Step 2: Form a Powerful Coalition Step 3: Create a Vision for Change Step 4: Communication the Vision Step 5: Remove Obstacles Step 6: Create Short-Term Wins Step 7: Build on the Change Step 8: Anchor the Changes in Corporate Culture UN model PROFILE OF AN EFFECTIVE MANAGER For Managerial Excellence in the United Nations Presentation his profile characterizes successful administrative execution inside the setting of the Joined Nations. It depends on the suspicion that paying little respect to their level of obligation inside the association, the characterizing normal for viable man- agers is that they accomplish comes about, and that they do as such with the full engagement of a conferred and spurred staff or group of partners. the administrative viability show The model characterizes both what a viable supervisor does, and what he/she accomplishes. It considers figures that affect adequacy, counting the outside environment in which a supervisor works, his/her individual ability, culture and experience INTERVIEW QUESTIONS What business are/where you in? How long been working in this field? How successful was/is the business? How did you help this success of the business? What do you do when people start a job? What do you think makes a good manager? How do you improve yourself as a manager? Do you have any advice for someone going into management? DREW INTERVIEW 1. He is work for MG marketings they supply vegetables and fruit around the Waikato 2. He is working in mg from last 17 years. 3. They a crossed 7 digit business last year. 4. Make sure fresh food supply to vegetables shops and supermarkets. 5. He tells us firstly Induction, how we run, how to do jobs and first start from bottom. 6. Honest true explain the jobs keep on eye every body 7. He tell us he attend courses and seminars and by using communication skills. 8. He suggest look after your staff and good communication. ANALYSIS DREW INTERVIEW WITH UN MODEL I analysis the drew interview with un model and I noticed that drew is very good to organize the whole organization and manage the staff. He also has respect for diversity because in mg there are many workers belongs to different culture and country. He is believed in teamwork and good communication. PRIVINDA INTERVIEW She is working in cafe 7 days a week. She manages the staff and supplier. She is working over there from last 15 years. She tells us very successful business from few years. To run the business she did many changes, moving on and changes according to economic condition. She tells us when new staff start the job firstly did orientation program and induction etc. She thinks that to makes a good manager inspiration, motivation and team work are important. She improves our self as a manager by look forward and always learns from mistakes. She suggest that passion for what you doing, passion to lead and good communication skill. ANALYSIS PRIVINDA INTERVIEW WITH UN MODEL I analysis the Privinda interview with UN model and I analyzed that Privinda is very good to manage the staff and supplier. She believes in team work and decision making. She makes changes according to situation and economic condition. She also believes in creativity and innovation. Comparison our self with UN model Values explanation Integrity 6 Professionalism 7 Respect for diversity 9 Emotional Competence Self-awareness 6 Self confidence 6.5 Emotional self-control 3 Conscientiousness 6 Optimism 6.5 Achievement orientation 7 Empathy 8 Discretion 7 Conceptual competence Use of concepts 6 System thinking 6.5 Pattern recognition 7 Technical / substances competence Knowledge and information 7 Knowledge and network 6 Knowledge sharing 7.5 Coaching and developing others 6.5 Continuous learning and development 7 Page 7 Managing people Communication 6.5 Team work 7 Motivation 6 Managing individual performance 7 Managing actions and change Action and change management 6 Decision making 5.5 Creativity and innovation 5 Client orientation 7 Results orientation 8 Managing across organizational boundaries Organizational awareness 6,5 Building networks and alliances 7 Influencing 6 Reflection on interview I felt excited and I saw many similarities and differences. According to my point of view managers knowledge depends upon our field and experience. I learn lot of things after these interviews like who we become a good manger and success keys. Next time I would like to add some more questions and more professionally. Comparison of Interviews Similarities: first similarity is both managers advocate the team work, honesty and humbleness. Difference: both managers have different type of experience and knowledge related to our field. I noticed that body language of both managers is different. What I would do next time? It is my first interview and I learn lots of things after these interviews. I felt that I have shortage of basic question so, In my next interview I would like to add some more questions and be professionally. CONCLUSION In this assessment I discussed and critically analysis the role of an effective manager, kotter model, UN model, drew and privinda interview and also analysis with UN model compare our self with UN model, self-reflection, compare and contrast and what I would like to do next time. I learn the lot of things that are very helpful to become a good manager. References Source: Boundless. The Role of the Manager in an Evolving Organization. Boundless Management Boundless, 31 May. 2016. Retrieved 08 Jan. 2017 Â   https://hr.un.org/sites/hr.un.org/files/Profile%20of%20an%20Effective%20Manager_0.pdf

Essay --

In globalization, there are many certain forms of activism to tackle certain issues. Whether it’s using a form of activism to accomplish something as small as receiving someone’s stolen cell phone, protesting and standing up for African American freedom rights or taking down an authoritarian regime, it all takes some sort of activism to promote, establish, and accomplish change. Some forms of activism are far more affective than others. In terms of political and social change, strong-tied high-risk activism is far more affective than weak-tied social-media activism (Gladwell, 2010). To be effective in accomplishing political and social change, people need to have some sort of personal interconnectedness to a movement (Gladwell, 2010, p. 44). In the recitation reading of Gladwell’s story, personal connections and relations gave courage to four African American students to demand and raise awareness for freedom and equality rights and to start the Freedom Summer Sit-In movement with success (Gladwell, 2010, p. 45). To properly tackle political and social change, you also need some sort of organization and strong hierarchal power to stand behind your movement. A good example of this in Gladwells story is when he uses Al Qaeda as an example. According to Gladwell (2010), â€Å"Al Qaeda was most dangerous when it was a unified hierarchy. Now that it has dissipated into a network, it has proved far less effective† (p. 48). Having a hierarchal power behind your movement also puts a face on a movement and reminds you what you are standing up for. Social media activism lacks the basic components of what is needed to make real political and social movements such as individual’s not being directly involved or affected. â€Å"Social networks are effect... ... freedom and openness and inequalities compared globally to the rest of the world. They are now pushing for change, equality, freedom, and striving for the same privileges and rights that most successful developed and developing countries have already established. Some forms of activism are better than others at tackling certain issues. High-risk activism opposed to social-media activism, is far more effective and well suited in successfully accomplishing high-scale and high-risk global equality issues. Demanding race equality, taking down and building authoritarian regimes, demanding for constitutional revisions, and raising awareness have greater chances of success if approached in a high-risk activism approach. Social-media is more of an awareness approach, but once awareness is raised, then it takes a higher and riskier activism to see the whole thing through.

Leadership: Lord Of The Flies Essays -- essays research papers fc

Comparison of Leaders Throughout the novel Lord of the Flies, William Golding is able to touch on the many aspects of our civilization through the various characters he creates. Leadership plays a very important role in the novel as it does in real life because the characters need to feel some sense of security in order for them to survive. The two main leaders in the story, through their similar and different leadership characteristics and objectives fight back and forth to gain the discipline of the other boys on the island and generally the power to make the decisions that they feel should be made. Both leaders, Jack and Ralph, experience leading the group in their own style, which is similar in their desire for control yet different pertaining to their leadership qualities and their objectives while on the island.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ralph was amongst the first few characters mentioned in the story and he quickly takes to the role of gathering the surviving boys by calling out to all that are in the area. He believes in leading with a democratic style, which gives people freedom of opinion, as well as equality to all group members. This is seen as Ralph uses Piggy’s idea for the conch to gathers the boys together in order to Dean 2 express ones ideas or opinions (Golding 12). However, Ralph is not the only boy on the island who is looking to lead the boys, and he finds that out when Jack marches his band members in a militant style to the platform where Ralph is deciding what needs to be done for their survival (Golding 15-16). Jack quickly became a cruel and dominating person who tries to impose fear onto the boys in order to gain his own control. This is evident when he begins opposing Ralph’s ideas about building a fire and picking fruit, to make himself look bigger and somewhat tough (Golding 22). However, a vote is thought up by one of the boys and Ralph’s democratic and orderly style of leadership is elected and he becomes the leader of the group (Golding 19). Ralph begins by organizing the boys to branch off in-groups and work for their benefit, such as keeping the fire going, building huts and scanning the island for anything worthwhile (Golding 38). He believes that if everyone contribute s by taking on one of the roles for survival, the entire group will benefit and hopefully be saved. Again, Jack opposes to the ideas of Ralph. He h... ...ectives by hunting down Ralph, and nearly catch him, until they come across the Navy ship which is there to rescue them (Golding 223-225). Both Ralph and Jack have objectives, which are completely opposite to each other’s which cause for much of the conflict throughout the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the story, Ralph and Jack are two of the characters who probably have the least in common mainly because they are trying to outdo each other by making the others ideas and beliefs seem obscure. They are similar in their desire for control over the group, however they are completely opposite pertaining to their leadership qualities and their objectives. Author William Golding creates these characters as opposites so he could have a general conflict, which is based on man against man to contribute to his other conflicts of man against environment and man against himself. Personal reflections of this author conclude that the bizarre setting and plot are difficult to comprehend upon the first reading yet further readings would create a more enjoyable story to understand. Dean 7 Works Cited Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. Boston, Mass: Faber and Faber Limited, 1958

Explore how the language used in this passage describes Gatsbys defeat :: English Literature

Explore how the language used in this passage describes Gatsby's defeat and its symbolic significance. Chapter 7: " I glanced at Daisy, who was staringà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦So we drove to the death through the cooling twilight" Explore how the language used in this passage describes Gatsby's defeat and its symbolic significance. Chapter seven brings the conflict between Tom and Gatsby into the open, and their conflict over Daisy brings to the surface troubling aspects of both characters. It opens as the group is gathered in Tom and Daisy's house. It becomes a vital moment as the group finally meets Daisy and Tom's baby. It brings out an interesting consequence to the relationship of Gatsby and Daisy. When Gatsby first sees the baby Nick says: "I don't think he had ever really believed in its existence before" Gatsby and Daisy have been so wrapped up in their own relationship and their own contentment that they have never taken the child into consideration before. We see Daisy being so possessive of her daughter. She eagerly tells the group that: "She doesn't look like her father. She looks like me. She's got my hair and shape of the face." This is suggesting that she is trying to make the child totally hers and attempts to keep Tom's involvement with the child to the least. In her life, Daisy owns very little authority. She has no job or means of independence, which makes her very dependant on Tom. The child is possibly something she feels she owns and could confidently claims and tells the group it is hers. However the child seems to be attached to her father, as when Daisy asks her of her opinion of her mother's guests the child replies: "Where is daddy" This is the first implication of Gatsby's defeat. He could make Daisy forget Tom but the child will always be a bond between Daisy and Tom. There was a sense of tension as the child left the room, which was possibly represented by the heat. The weather's heat made Daisy and the rest struggle through their speeches as so did the tension to Gatsby as he is starting to uncover the reality and certainty that his relationship with Daisy is not as smooth as he thought it was. Tom and Gatsby's first opposition was on which car they should drive into town. Gatsby did not want Tom to drive his car, whilst Tom insisted on taking his car. Tom won this little quarrel, which was possibly a representation of the main fight over Daisy. The "Circus wagon" could possibly be a representation of Daisy. The car belonging to Gatsby, but now Tom has taken it by force.

Explain the role of children and young people’s personal choices

As the children grow up they tend to do things that other children do, being influenced, and starting to hide stuff from their parents. Sometime children are really aggressive because they didn't get what they wanted so they start to abuse the other children or young people. Sometime it is just that they think that everyone else doesn't know what is good for him/her so they just want to do their own choice, but they don't know always was is good for them so they end up doing bad things, like smoking, drinking, drugging, etc.  which is going to affect them maybe for all their lives. Personal choices made as a child and young adult effect nearly every aspect of life. From education to family planning – poor choices can lead to poverty and few opportunities, while good choices can open up a world of possibilities. Family experience as a child can very much play a role, but young adults are fully capable of taking responsibility for the life choices they make.In accordance with Article 13 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of a Child, the outcomes of the Governments Every Child Matters framework and the Early Years Foundation Stage, children should be provisioned for by ensuring that children are involved and engaged with, allowing them to be heard, to make decisions, contribute their experiences and be supported and safeguarded throughout their development.According to Tassoni (2010) the EYFS clearly states that a curriculum for children under five years should be balanced of adult-led and child-initiated activities; an environment needs to be rich in resources and displayed in such a way that the children can determine their own play. . An early years setting should encourage healthy snacks and encourage parents to supply healthy balanced lunchboxes.

Global Health

This is a reaction essay to Cholera in Sierra Leone: the case study of an outbreak retrieved from According to A. D. A. M. Medical Encyclopedia,â€Å"Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that causes a large amount of watery diarrhea. Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The bacteria releases a toxin that causes increased release of water from cells in the intestines, which produces severe diarrhea (National Institute of Health ,U.S. National Library of Medicine – The World's Largest Medical Library,A. D. A. M. Medical Encyclopedia, May 30th 2012). † If left untreated, it can kill within hours and almost eighty percent of cases can be successfully treated with oral rehydration salts. People get infected by eating or drinking contaminated food and water and it usually manifests in places with poor sanitation, crowding, war, and famine like Africa, Asia, India, Mexico and South and Central America. The availability of safe drinking water and proper sanitation is critical in reducing the impact of cholera and other waterborne diseases.Oral cholera vaccine also reduces the risk of death by fifty percent . Sierra Leone, a West African country that has been ravaged by wars for years , experienced the worst Cholera outbreak in fifteen years. As of september 19th of this year, 19000 cases and 274 deaths have been reported. It was unusual for the Cholera outbreaks to occur in February , the middle of the dry season because most cholera outbreaks take place in the rainy season. At the onset of the cholera outbreak, the Ministry of Health and Sanitation, WHO , UNICEF and Medecins Sans Frontieres-Belgium worked together to detect, confirm ,treat and prevent the cholera outbreak .But when it started raining in June, cholera spread rapidly and by August, 2000 cases were reported per week. The Ministry of Health and Sanitation have also set up a network for all health centres to report daily cases of outbreaks and have been working with W HO and partners in spreading messages about safe drinking water, hand washing and food preparation. WHO has also brought in additional experts in epidemiology, surveillance, logistics, social mobilization, water and sanitation from other WHO country offices and set up a ‘ Cholera command and control centre’.Inspite of all these efforts, there is a severe shortage of oral rehydration salts and they are expecting 32 000 cases in this outbreak. * ————————————————- â€Å"? The health of a country is often based on infant and mother morbidity and mortality rates (GCH-205-DL2, Module 4, Lauren Savaglio). † In 2007, Sierra Leone had the highest level of child mortality in the world. Maternal mortality is also one of the highest in the world. One in eight women risk dying during pregnancy and childbirth. The infant mortality rate of Sierra Leone is 123 deaths p er 1000 live births in 2009 .Babies born in Sierra Leone in 2005 had a life expectancy of only 38 years. So it can be said that public health is generally poor in Sierra Leone. â€Å"Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and causes of health and illness in populations (Jacobsen,p. 7). † In the case of the cholera outbreak in Sierra Leone, the infections started in the western area of the country where the capital, Freetown, is located. Cholera outbreaks usually occur in the rainy season but the outbreak in Sierra Leone started in February which is in the middle of the dry month.According to World Health Organization, â€Å" Cholera is an extremely virulent disease. It affects both children and adults and can kill within hours. About 75% of people infected with V. cholerae do not develop any symptoms, although the bacteria are present in their faeces for 7–14 days after infection and are shed back into the environment, potentially infecting other people. Among people who develop symptoms, 80% have mild or moderate symptoms, while around 20% develop acute watery diarrhoea with severe dehydration. This can lead to death if untreated.People with low immunity – such as malnourished children or people living with HIV – are at a greater risk of death if infected (National Institute of health ,U. S. National Library of Medicine – The World's Largest Medical Library,A. D. A. M. Medical Encyclopedia, May 30th 2012). † Therefore the risk factors of transmission of Cholera in a developing country like Sierra Leone is very high since there is no adequate environmental management and no minimum requirements for clean drinking water and sanitation. Like Jacobsen states in the textbook, Introduction to Global Health, â€Å"†¦ eep in mind socioeconomic, political, behavioral, and environmental risk factors that contribute to creating the context in which the disease occurs(Jacobsen,p. 13). † * ——â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Since cholera causes dehydration, the disease is treated using oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which is basically a solution made with water, sugar and salts. They can be bought as prepackaged mixtures or can also be made at home by combining clean, boiled 1 litre of water with 8 teaspoons of sugar and 1 teaspoon of salt.But sometimes, severe cases of cholera require intravenous fluid replacement. Antibiotics can shorten illness, but should still be used in combination with the Oral Rehydration Therapy. The most basic way of preventing cholera is making sure communities prone to these epidemics have access to clean water and proper sanitation . Communities should also be educated about the importance of proper hygiene like hand-washing with soap after using the restroom and before cooking or eating . They should also be educated about safe handling , preparation and storage of food .Media such as radio, television or newspapers and even community and religious leaders can also be effective in spreading health education messages. And at times, early detection of the outbreak and timely provisions of treatment , like in the Sierra Leone case, is also necessary to reduce the number of deaths. * ————————————————- I think, at the onset of the outbreak, Sierra Leone’s Ministry of Health and Sanitation did a great job in working with the government and other health sectors to confirm the outbreak of the disease even though the country has very few resources and capacity.With the help of WHO, the Ministry of Health and Sanitation and partners including UNICEF and Medecins Sans Frontieres-Belgium was also able to detect, treat and prevent the spread of cholera. They also set up a â€Å" cholera command and control centre† and trained healt h workers in cholera treatment and prevention. They were successful in reducing the number of outbreaks to fewer than 40 per week but when the rainy season started in June, the epidemic spread rapidly to other districts and the number of cases arose to 2000 per week. But it should be noted that in Freetown, where the first outbreak occurred, there has been ignificant reduction of cases. WHO’s Representative in Sierra Leone, Dr Wondimagegnehu Alemu, states that many villages affected by the epidemic still face a shortage of Oral Rehydration Therapy solution, the most effective and life saving treatment for an outbreak like this. The cholera epidemic in Sierra Leone made me realize how health inequalities does exist between the poor and rich population and how â€Å" even with improved prevention and therapeutic techniques, infectious diseases continue to be health risk in all populations (Jacobsen,p. 1). † It is also evident that the Socioeconomic status (SES) of Sierra Leone has played a major role in the cause and prevention of this cholera epidemic. Like Dr. Alemu mentioned in the article, an outbreak like this is a â€Å"major crisis for a country with a fragile health system recovering from several years of conflict (Health topics:Cholera in Sierra Leone: the case study of an outbreak; World Health Organization, September 2012). But looking at the bright side, Dr Eugene Lam, epidemic intelligence service officer from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) working for the Global Polio Eradication Initiative,states that â€Å" Messages about safe drinking water, hand washing and food preparation will not only reduce the cholera infections but also reduce all diarrhoeal disease, a big killer of children under-five in Sierra Leone (Health topics:Cholera in Sierra Leone: the case study of an outbreak; World Health Organization, September 2012). Jacobsen states in the preface to the textbook â€Å" If health is a human right, then basic health care and protection from preventable diseases should be available to all people , regardless of the condition that have made them vulnerable to illness, disability, and premature death (Jacobsen,preface xi). † I only hope one day by working together as a global community , we can make sure every single human being, irrespective of their socioeconomic status , can achieve a â€Å"state of complete physical, mental and social well- being (Jacobsen)†. * ————————————————- ————————————————- * ————————————————- References: * —————————————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Health topics:Cholera in Sierra Leone: the case study of an outbreak; World Health Organization, September 2012. Retrieved from http://www. who. int/features/2012/cholera_sierra_leone/en/index. html on September 30th,2012. * ————————————————- National Institute of health ,U. S. National Library of Medicine – The World's Largest Medical Library,A. D. A. M. Medical Encyclopedia, May 30th 2012 . Retrieved from www. ncbi. nlm. nih. ov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001348/ on September 30th,2012 * ————————————————- * ————————————————- Health statistics of Sierra Leone;World Health Organization,2012. Retrieved from http://www. who. int/countries /sle/en/index. html on september 30th, 2012 . * ————————————————- * ————————————————- Introduction to Global Health, Kathryn H. Jacobsen . * ————————————————- * ————————————————- GCH-205-DL2 (FALL 2012), Module 4, Lauren Savaglio.