Doma Debate

DOMA: Support or Repeal? BCOM 275 DOMA: Repeal or Support? Conceptual This discussion contends whether the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) ought to be upheld or revoked based on its meaning of marriage, its defendability, and its effects on non-hetero families. This discussion contends that the Defense of Marriage Act ought to be canceled in light of the fact that its meaning of marriage is intensely founded on estimations of custom in this nation and on the grounds that the definition damages the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution.DOMA: Support or Repeal? The Argument on the side of DOMA The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) is a government law that was first presented by Republican Bob Barr from Georgia in May of 1996. The bill went in the house by a vote of 342-67 and in the Senate by a vote of 85-14. It was marked into law by President Bill Clinton on September 21, 1996. DOMA gives expresses the privilege not to perceive same-sex marriage that another state has just pe rceived. Also, the law gives a government meaning of marriage.DOMA characterizes marriage as a relationship between a man and a lady. In this paper, we are going to layout the two significant arrangements of DOMA. We will investigate the government meaning of marriage and whether this is supported. We will additionally talk about the rights allowed to the states and their capacity to decay same sex marriage from different states. We will talk about the two upsides and downsides of each piece of DOMA, and afterward give our groups assurance on which is the more enticing contention. First let’s investigate the DOMA commanded government meaning of Marriage.The language, taken straightforwardly from the law itself, is characterized as follows: â€Å"In deciding the importance of any Act of Congress, or of any decision, guideline, or understanding of the different authoritative departments and offices of the United States, the word ‘marriage' signifies just a legitimate joi ning between one man and one lady as a couple, and the word ‘spouse' alludes just to an individual of the other gender who is a husband or a wife. † By this definition, it is obvious that DOMA characterizes marriage as a conventional man and lady union.Since 1998, following in the strides of DOMA, 30 states have had their voters support protected revisions to characterize marriage as a joining between a man and a lady. In spite of the fact that not overpowering, it is a lion's share and speaks to 60% of our states that have found a way to ensure the customary meaning of marriage. The inquiry next turns into a matter of whether this definition, situated in convention is legitimized? The conventional contention is situated in the conviction that marriage, established in custom has consistently been between a man and a lady, and this is additionally the best condition to bring up children.The conviction that marriage ought to be characterized customarily isn't tied in with removing rights from anybody, it is just about not reclassifying the word marriage. Numerous supporters of a marriage definition contend that they don’t have any issues with gay couples; they simply need the meaning of union with be customary. They are not defenders of prohibiting anyone’s rights. The meaning of marriage, is just piece of DOMA’s order, the subsequent part is the force allowed to the states. The second piece of DOMA that we will talk about is the rights allowed to the state.It is characterized as: â€Å"No State, an area, or ownership of the United States, or Indian clan, will be required to offer impact to any open demonstration, record, or legal continuing of some other State, an area, ownership, or clan regarding a connection between people of a similar sex that is treated as a marriage under the laws of such other State, an area, ownership, or clan, or a privilege or case emerging from such relationship. † This essentially implies in t he event that you are an equivalent sex couple and were hitched in a specific express that perceives same sex marriage, at that point different states are not required to perceive that marriage.It serves to secure the privileges of the states and the voters who have established principles in their states that characterize marriage as just between a man and a lady. These rights conceded to the states are critical to regard the laws of the states that are now set up and are being clung to. It is significant for individuals who live in a specific spot to have the option to depend on the network convictions being maintained legitimately and not be changed when couples from different states move there and need a similar acknowledgment as they had in another state.It ensures the states’ rights, and albeit some will contend that what is beneficial for one state ought to be useful for another, it is imperative to have the voters of each state choose what is good and bad. The choice o f DOMA to give this capacity to states helps save this feeling of network and give a steady route ahead in this issue. The Argument to nullify DOMA The Defense of Marriage act ought to be canceled in light of the fact that it victimizes same-sex couples; it abuses the equivalent security segment of the Fifth Amendment: and in light of the fact that it basically isn't necessary.Congress ordered the Defense of Marriage Act in 1996 as a result of the worry of states that don't bolster same-sex relationships. Area 3 of DOMA states:â â€Å"In deciding the importance of any Act of Congress, or of any decision, guideline, or translation of the different authoritative departments and organizations of the United States, the word ‘marriage’ implies just a legitimate joining between one man and one lady as a couple, and the word ‘spouse’ alludes just to an individual of the other gender who is a husband or a wife† (CNN Washington, 2011).This meaning of marria ge unmistakably oppresses those people who want to lawfully go into marriage with people of a similar sexual orientation since it restricts such people from getting any of the rights stood to people who wed inverse their sex. This demonstration of separation toward same-sex couples disregards the equivalent assurance segment of the Fifth Amendment by requiring the government to preclude acknowledgment from claiming the current legitimate relationships of same-sex couples (Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders, 2012).The Fifth Amendment has an unequivocal necessity that the Federal Government not deny people of â€Å"life, freedom, or property,† without fair treatment of the law and a certain assurance that every individual get equivalent security of the laws (Find US Law, 2012). Since Section 3 of DOMA prohibits same sex couples from having their relationships perceived legitimately under government law it does, truth be told, deny those people of life, freedom, or property without fair treatment of the law. For some individuals, paying little heed to their sexual direction, marriage is a significant occasion in life.DOMA denies gay people from completely partaking in marriage since they don't receive indistinguishable rewards from marriage from their hetero partners. DOMA treats wedded same-sex couples as unmarried for motivations behind each of the 1,138 government laws in which conjugal status is a factor (Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders, 2012). For instance, at charge time, lawfully wedded same-sex couples endure monetarily due to they can't record their government expense forms mutually, as hetero wedded couples do. They additionally they don’t have a similar access to Social Security benefits as hetero couples.Children of same-sex couples don't have a similar legacy rights with respect to Social Security and retirement benefits as do offspring of hetero couples, in light of the fact that the two guardians can't be recorded on thei r introduction to the world authentication. Same-sex mates additionally don't have the equivalent closest relative rights in settling on clinical choices during a clinical emergency for their companion. With the end goal for them to have any dynamic job, they are compelled to make extra lawful strides just to furnish their life partner with a dynamic limit, that is consequently and unreservedly stood to wedded hetero couples.The certainty that Section 3 of DOMA victimizes gay people was upheld on February 23, 2011, when an open letter was sent to the House of Representatives by Attorney General Eric Holder. In his letter Holder composed, â€Å"The President and I have presumed that characterizations dependent on sexual direction warrant uplifted examination and that, as applied to same-sex couples lawfully wedded under state law, Section 3 of DOMA is unlawful. In the letter, Holder additionally educated the Speaker regarding the House that the Department of Justice of the United St ates would not, at this point safeguard DOMA â€Å"unless and until Congress repeals Section 3 or the legal branch renders a conclusive decision against the law’s defendability. †Ã¢ The Defense of Marriage Act was ordered by Congress to reject same sex wedded couples from having the option to get similar advantages stood to other gender wedded couples.Section 2 of DOMA states: â€Å"No state, an area, or ownership of the United States, or Indian clan, will be required to offer impact to any open demonstration, record, or legal continuing of some other State, an area, ownership, or clan regarding a connection between people of a similar sex that is treated as a marriage under the laws of such other State, an area, ownership, or clan, or a privilege or case emerging from such relationship. † Only states can wed individuals and Congress has consistently conceded to state status determinations.The Tenth Amendment gives that controls that the Constitution doesn't de legate to the United States and doesn't disallow the states from working out, are â€Å"reserved to the States separately, or to the people† (New World Encyclopedia, 2009). Since each state has the sovereign option to settle on whether same-sex marriage is legitimate or not, there is no requirement for the Defense of Marriage Act. Moreover DOMA not just damages the Fifth Amendment, it abuses and

Women In Management (Interview, Biography and Case Study) Essay

Ladies In Management (Interview, Biography and Case Study) - Essay Example I had a past involvement with deals however. I had a place with the Information Technology CBU (Client Business Unit) and I enjoyed my activity for at some point. This was until our supervisor started to squeeze us for rising deals figures.† The association where Jessica has a place is basically an examination arranged advisor firm. The capacity of such an association is to connect with a segment of the work power recorded as a hard copy reports and subsequently the association would distribute them in ordinary interims. Jessica has showed up in both in the print and visual media with her far reaching information in all subjects and not simply relating to IT or wellbeing. She appears to have represented considerable authority in every one of them. As she places it in her words: â€Å" This isn't an ideal opportunity to censure the Jack all things considered, rather the time requires a Master everything being equal. In this way all kids should be urged to ace themselves in all the fields the same number of regions as possible†. Maybe that is the thing that she needed to join as a part of her character. She uncovers how, the choice of her profession was affected by the amazements offered by life and the difficulties, which she needed to survive. With regards to her family life, Jessica is similarly plain and genuine. She lives in a two-room condo in California with her two girls †Sarah is 12 years of age and Nancy is 2 years more youthful than her. Jessica appears to have joined the association soon after Nancy’s birth. At the point when gotten some information about her better half, she submissively concedes, â€Å"I am maybe not insightful enough to continue a fruitful marriage.† She is however without a doubt an effective mother. Separated from her better half around 9 years back, she brings up her two girls without any help. â€Å"There was a tutor for the underlying years, however I might want them to grow up freely. Plus, Sarah is growing up now and appreciates dealing with her more youthful sister. The children are unmistakably more capable and developed than their age†, says Jessica. So we

No topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

No theme - Assignment Example Charges and credits give a precise strategy for recording exchanges to upgrade consistency and coordinating standards of bookkeeping. On the off chance that exchanges are recorded in their separate records and in the correct way, thusly, fiscal summaries will be reliable. In bookkeeping, charges and credits are an efficient method of recording distinctive money related exchanges in books of record. Credits and obligations speak to different sides of a similar record. At the point when an exchange happened, money related bookkeeper must record this exchange in two separate records. In one record, the money related bookkeeper record on the left half of that account, this is known as a charge (Kieso, 2010, p. 178) In the other record, a record is made on the credit side of that record to satisfy guideline bookkeeping prerequisites. For instance, if the organization buys a machine for $100,000 using a credit card from General engine organization at that point recording caused will to have both a credit and a charge passage as follows: At the point when the business makes installment for this benefit, at that point charge section on the advantage account must be made to mirror the installment. Expecting installment was done in real money, at that point exchange will be recorded as follows. Charges and credits have no impacts on bookkeeping conditions since every section balance possibly one side or the two sides of bookkeeping condition. Charges don't generally expands; it also diminishes in certain books of record, for example, capital and liabilities. Credits too don't just reductions, yet in addition increment incomes, liabilities and capital books of record. In organizations, speculators are the key outer clients of budget report. This announcement gives an outline of money related execution of the organization for a specific bookkeeping period. Importantly, fiscal report decides the monetary situation of the business. Speculators extricate significant data from fiscal report that causes them in drawing significant venture choice

Drug Prevention/Recovery Program Review

The Lebanese young people have been unfavorably influenced by the maltreatment of tobacco, liquor and other hurtful medications. Subsequently, preventive and rehabilitative estimates dependent on peer instruction have been set up so as to check the danger. Henceforth, a preparation program including thirty youthful activists was set up kindness of the subsidizing made sure about from the Oxfam pharmaceutical organization. This program planned for expanding the mindfulness on the need to quit mishandling liquor and other related drugs.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Drug Prevention/Recovery Program Review explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the messages went across in this community oriented preparing program was that there different pressure diminishing ways separated from manhandling destructive medications. The program additionally planned for offering elective methods for managing pressure related elements that end up being inconvenien t to the youthful populace matured beneath 30 years. The key taking an interest specialist in this preparation program was the Armenian Relief Cross. Moreover, other nearby partners were additionally fused in the program with the point of boosting the medications mindfulness crusade. The mindfulness and preparing program figured out how to connect for 5,200 students. Lion's share of the crowd were optional school understudies. The last represented 1,250 members. In spite of the fact that the young were the key objective in this program, the partners additionally thought that it was important to incorporate guardians, security officials, and scouts from all age gatherings. As per Arevian (2010), the destinations of the preparation program were met as envisioned. In any case, it may not be conceivable that the workshop targets were completely met in a solitary preparing system and mindfulness battle. It is without question that this medication mindfulness crusade was a stage or activi ty the correct way. on the off chance that all the set destinations are to be met, at that point extra assets, for example, time and money related subsidizing would be required. Additionally, the achievement of the program must be plausible after a progression of constant mindfulness battles. In actuality, Arevian (2010) takes note of that absence of satisfactory assets couldn't allow the way toward getting input from the adolescent who took an interest in the preparation program. In any case, the limit of the considerable number of partners who partook in the preparation activity was to a great extent helped by their significant level of participation and altruism towards the program. Thus, the goals regarding support from partners were obviously accomplished. The program had a lot of qualities and shortcomings. For example, one of the qualities of the preparation and medications mindfulness battles was that it got comprehensive help and cooperation from different partners. The lea d offices turned out in huge numbers to offer the specialized and good support.Advertising Looking for report on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On a similar breath, it was very simple to enlist young members who were to offer preparing during the program. Guardians, police officers, scouts, working youths and different experts additionally gave a significant lift to the mindfulness battle. Then again, the financing acquired from Oxfam was not satisfactory in encouraging the whole preparing and input program. This money related help served the most essential capacity of activity the mindfulness crusade. On the by and large, this program could be esteemed to be compelling remembering that it figured out how to connect for more than 5000 learners. Moreover, the synergistic help got from both nearby and worldwide partners reinforced the adequacy of the undertaking. Consequently, I would not stop for a second to ac tualize this sort of task in my profession particularly when subsidizing is accessible. Reference Arevian, M. (2010). Preparing students, youthful activists, to lead mindfulness battles about counteraction of substance maltreatment among Lebanese/Armenian youngsters. Diary of Inter-proficient Care 24(2): 173â€182. This report on Drug Prevention/Recovery Program Review was composed and put together by client Camron Knowles to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; notwithstanding, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

Book vs. Movie Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone - Free Essay Example

There are many differences when most literary works become movies. Usually because the director wants to cut parts out because he does not feel they are important enough to make the final cut. That is usually true for all works that are made into movies. The book will go more into depth about people, things, and places because they have more chapters, characters, and views on certain things than the movies will go into. When J. K. Rowling wrote Harry Potter and the Sorcerers stone and was published in 1997, it became a huge success around the world. The movie was created five years later in 2002. There were differences throughout the two of them as they usually are between literary works and movies. First, one of the big differences are how characters are portrayed and how they appear, such as looks and appearances. Harry Potter in the book is explained as smaller for his age, has a scar, obviously, crazy messy hair, and green hazel eyes. In the movie he does not have the crazy hair, is normal height for his age compared to the others and has blue eyes. Other ones include Ron, Harry Potter best friend, not having a long nose. Where in the book he is described as having a long nose and a little dorky, with red hair and freckles. Also, the Uncle and Aunt, who took Harry Potter in after his parents died, are described as blonde in the book. Details such as these are left out in Hollywood because usually, they do not care about the little details, but they are found by the ones who have read the book. Secondly, some little details in the book versus the movie are how harry potter sees his parents in the mirror when he is snooping around Hogwarts. In the book he sees his whole extended family that has passed on. Another is in the book when they Harry, Ron, And Hermione are going through their tasks to get to the Scorers stone. The movie left out the potion task, in the book Hermione completes a potion task to get through to the next stage. In the movie, she just stays behind to show aid to Ron after they win in the chess game. This just shows how different and certain things will be cut out of a movie. Sometimes they can not see every detail but everyone who has read the book sees it. Sometimes the director cuts out parts that you really liked in the book out of the movie. Showing differences between movies and their books.

Leader Who Liberated The Indian Sub-Continent - Free Essay Example

History bears witness to the rise and fall of kingdoms, dynasties and revolutions over the years and there is one key element that is found to be common in every era. That is the presence of a leader who united the people under one cause. The type and quality of leadership is pivotal to the survival and success of a group. Effective leadership with proper structure and organization can lead the masses to victory and fulfilment. In this paper, I chose to talk about a leader who liberated the Indian sub-continent from the colonial rule spanning nearly two centuries. Â  A land known for its rich culture, heritage and diversity, India was called the golden bird because of its abundant raw materials, precious stones, gold and other riches. Foreigners saw it as the perfect quest for wealth and prosperity. Invaders from all over the world have been documented to embark on a journey to India, either to loot and plunder or to establish some sort of permanence on the Indian soil. The Arabs, the Mongols, the Persians, in addition to their European counterparts from France, Portugal, Denmark and the Netherlands, all invaded India at some point. However, the one that lasted till modern times was the British Raj which started as the East India Company, initially a trade establishment that later went on to exert control, dominance and ultimately, colonization. The general population of India suffered large scale exploitation at the hands of the imperial rule. Apart from discrimination in the political and economic scenario, Indians were treated as second-class citizens in their own motherland. A once rich and affluent country was slowly losing its wealth and grandeur to the foreign entity. This brought about feelings of deep resentment and created the need for sovereignty. They say when human hardships are at its peak, a messiah emerges to empower people and lead them to victory. In my opinion, India needed her fair share of extraordinary men and women who could bring back her lost freedom and among those brave people was a man so rare and remarkable that an entire sub-continent still reveres him as the father of the nation. As an Indian, I understand that we paid a tremendous price for freedom and Mahatma Gandhi will always be at the apex of our identity as proud nationals of a free country.

A reflective approach to continuing professional development - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1926 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? The development of professions now requires individuals to undertake a form of continuing professional development, and this is considered as an integral part of the process. It can be considered as a factor that contributes to the integrity and rigour that now defines a professional activity that now defines professional activity. The current environment has seen the relative autonomy that has traditionally been enjoyed by professions being reduced with increasing pressure for accountability. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A reflective approach to continuing professional development" essay for you Create order Continuing professional development efforts should aim at developing the individual professional and the delivery of services itself. However, most continuing professional approaches are input-led and rely on the bureaucratic and mechanistic recording of courses and study days with little focus on the outcomes of these activities. The paper argues for a continuing professional development through an approach that is learning focused, emphasising the critical importance of learning through reflective practice (Boud, et.al.). A learning culture for professional development in the business field can be developed. Continuing professional development and its relationship to continuous improvement in quality are related to causality. A frequently posed question tries to determine whether engagement in the traditional, formal learning opportunities necessarily result in improvements in professional practice.   It is clear that great amounts of learning often occur outside the formal educational programmes and structures, while it is possible for an individual to participate in these formal educational programmes without necessarily achieving the intended educational outcomes of the programmes. It can be argued that continuing professional development is a critical part of professional activity in and of itself. There exists a traditional and misplaced dichotomy in the professional development of theory and practice, with the assumption that the former precedes the latter. However, there have been increasing points of view that consider this relationship and less unidirectional and more circular ; professional practice, despite being guided by the existing body of professional knowledge, actually develops theory. And it is clear that this generation of theory should be undertaken in a practical rather that an academic or research setting. The paper is sympathetic to this view, and it posits that professional action can actually distinguish itself from other activities through its reflective qualities in practice and by the contemporary and subsequent interpretation of that practice. The efforts by the government to impose external controls on any professional activity through continuing professional development misses a critical point, in that continuing professional development is not an external component to external activity, but an integral and critical part of that action (Moon). The practice of continuing professional development is now being considered a central component to the development of professional status; representing a key component of professional development. It enables individual professionals to develop their careers and is a central means by which quality professional service can be assured and maintained, hence reassuring the recipients of these services. The need to be viewed as continuously profession-developing, securing the social status and position of a profession, represent important considerations in the current business environment of constant and rapid development. The competency gap that represents a situation where the growth in knowledge and the rapid technological change, in addition to the obsolete nature of existing knowledge, means that the qualifying programme of professional education can no longer be considered as a career-long declaration of professional competence. As a result, professionals need to be seen as constantl y developing their competencies and the profession as a whole so as to ensure that clients are confident of the maintaining of the professional ability in such an environment (Kolb). Continuing professional development is important to a professional in terms of his or her individual career development. For instance, if a professional in a certain field intends to move into an area of specialization, he or she has been traditionally expected to undergo a formal education programme so as to demonstrate competence with this particular effect being amplified in certain professions than others. Another factor that should be considered while examining continuing professional development is its perceived relationship to the quality of professional service. It is held that the quality of professional service to clients can only be truly maintained if the professionals are committed to the constant updating of knowledge and practice. Another aspect of the issue of continuing professional development and quality is connected to what can be described as consumerism in the society, a phenomenon that has manifested in many professional fields. Governments are now developing reforms that focus on the concept of competence on many professions. It is also clear that the consumers of professional services are now far more willing and ready to express the specific needs in this regards; this can be attributed to the fact that clients are now better informed about issues and therefore possess more confidence to declare their requirements. In this regard, continuing professional development is completely voluntary, as any other consideration would weaken the basic premise of the autonomy of a professional. The situation provides an indication of a major source of tension in professional self-reliance and the external compulsory requirements that continuing professional development be undertaken, in that, in the traditional model, the individual professional represents the sole judge of their need for up-skilling updating or development. There other challenges in regard to the existing conception of continuing professional development; there is the question of whether it should assume an outcome or input-based approach with the latter simply providing a formal acknowledgment that an individual has undertaken a form of prescribed continuing professional development activity, while the former urges the individual professional to analyse their learning needs, then identify a suitable learning opportunity, and assess whether the learning needs were satisfied by the particular activity. The former approach is oriented towards experiential, rather than classroom learning activities. There is also the challenge of measuring and monitoring continuing professional development. An input-based approach addresses this challenge by recording course attendance, rather than assessing the outcomes of participation. In contrast, an output-based model experiences more challenges in measuring and monitoring outcomes and is considerably more time to consuming for an individual professional who wants to record their continuing professional development. It requires a different approach on the part of the participating professionals to the issued of learning since the approach is largely innovative and can, therefore, vary from the traditional approach to education and the measuring and monitoring of such activities (Boyd Fales). Another challenging issue is the defining of the relationship between continuing professional development and professional competence. There are regulations that now place expectations on professionals to be able to demonstrate competence so as to be allowed to practice their professionals. The issue here then is how the regulations intend to define and measure that competence considering the fact that these standards and competency frameworks cannot measure professional activity. The occupational standards are mechanical and, as such cannot provide the best fit for the assessment of professional competence, which in reality involves specialised and individual decisions that relate specifically to each unique situation. The occupational standards are also rigid, and this hinders the flexible application making them unsuitable for the dynamic business environment (Wang). Certain field of thought would consider the fact that undertaking a form of continuing professional development provides evidence of competence. However, this could be misleading as the completion of such continuing professional development activities cannot guarantee that the individual professional is competent. Furthermore, it could be the case that the individuals who are highly competent will already have developed their competencies through methods other than the formal mandatory activities that come under continuing professional development. In fact, this provides a critical point that supports the use of reflective learning approaches to continuing professional development. It could be said that the act of an individual professional to undertake continuing professional activity, as opposed to the mechanistic and routinised activities, mean that these individual professionals are intrinsically competent. It could also be inferred that the existence of a concept such as mandato ry continuing professional development suggest that these professional are not working professionally anymore (Wang). Reflection in action represents a dynamic process of reviewing professional actions in the midst of their performance without having to necessarily interrupt those actions. If an intuitive and spontaneous performance of an activity results in nothing more than the results that are expected of it, the individual professional tends not to think about the process. However, if an intuitive performance results in unexpected results a professional might respond by reflecting-in-action. An astute example of reflection-in-action is presented in the manner by which individuals make adjustments as they undertake certain actions, such as hammering a nail into a wooden plank. The mental processes of ensuring that the nail is properly set and hammered into the wooden plank are in the included in the performing of the act; moreover, individuals constantly adjust the performance of the activity on a continuous basis to make sure that the nails are going in straight, alter the angle the hammer hits the nails to account for variances. It is also possible to extend this process further by having individuals not only reflect in action but also subsequently reflect on the action (Boyd Fales). There exists a critical and intrinsic connection between reflective practices and the kind of genuine learning that will likely change a learner’s perception and as a result engender changes in the individual professionals’ behavior. An approach that considers reflection, and learning from reflection, will tend to facilitate the development of continuing developments in quality of professional services. The approach is often referred to as Action Learning and it is related to the Action Research model. Reflecting in and on action encourages a professional to critically interrogate the common sense premises that guide the daily activities, and nature and   justifications provided for the particular work activities. All of these represent critical factors in ensuring that the quality of institutional, and increasingly performance driven, professional provision is under constant review. As a result, if continuing professional development is to initiate effective developm ent to professionals and the continuous improvement in professional service quality, then there is a need to ensure that the culture of reflective practice is encouraged, developing a process that is easily navigable and that can assist with the formalization of these activities. The approach can also create a tangible way that enables the systematic recording of reflection. Despite the fact that the approach ahs its challenges, it allows for the individual professionals to move away from the input-based approach that is problematic (Bosangit Demangeot). Enabling the systematic recording of an individual’s reflection can be achieved through the maintaining of a practice journal. There exist several methods of recording reflection or material that could provide a basis for future reflection, and each reflecting professional is likely to have a system that suits his or her style, and specific learning needs best.   The use of such tools are also faced with challenges such as confidentiality issues and the existing tendency to emphasise the negative aspects of a profession, and the time-intensive nature of the completion of such journals, memory and recall issue and the level of introspection observed seems to neglect a multidisciplinary approach. Considering the assertions above, it is clear that there is great value in the sharing of reflection through systems like professional supervision as it can be a way to encourage the individual profession to take a complete view of a professional activity, rather than being locked int o specific events. It also allows the regular and free exchanges of professional experiences among a small group of peers (Kolb).